ii. Auxiliary Alternation
ii.1. Auxiliaries *edin/ezan in relative clauses: pozgarri zekizkion hitzak (v pozgarri zitzaizkion hitzak)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Relative clauses containing analytical verbs involve the auxiliary izan ‘be’ or *edun ‘have’ (1). However, when the relative clause has potential mood or is the apodosis of a conditional, the auxiliary selected can be either *edin or *ezan.
| (1) | pozgarri | zitzaizkion | hitzak | esaten | hasi | zen |
| nice | (3ABS).izan.PL.APP.3SG.PST | words | say.IMPV | start.PTCV | was | |
| ‘She/he started to say worth that made her/him happy’ | ||||||
Variational pattern. Some varieties can select the auxiliary *edin or *ezan/egin also in non-potential and non-conditional relative clauses.
| (2) | pozgarri | ekiozan | berbak | esaten | hasi | zan |
| nice | (3ABS).edin.APP.3SG.DAT.PL.PST | words | say.IMPV | start.PTCV | was | |
| ‘She/he started to say words that made her/him happy’ | ||||||
Keywords: auxiliary alternation, mood, relatives, root alternation, subjunctive
References:
Euskaltzaindia (forthcoming). Euskararen gramatika orokorra. Ms., Euskaltzaindia.
Answers
(2) pozgarri ekiozan berbak esaten hasi zan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
ii.2. Auxiliary roots in non-indicative (di)transitive forms: -gi- (v -za-)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Non-indicative (di)transitive forms show the root -za-, instead of the root -u- (*edun 'have') of the indicative.
| (1) | egin | dezagun |
| do | (3ABS).ZA.1PL.ERG.COMP | |
| ‘let’s do it.’ | ||
Variational pattern. The root -gi- (presumably, egin 'do') has substituted -za- in some dialects.
| (2) | egin | dagigun |
| do | (3ABS).GI.1PL.ERG.COMP | |
| ‘let’s do it.’ | ||
Reported in: Western varieties (Zuazo 2013: 49).
Keywords: auxiliary alternation, mood, relatives, root alternation, subjunctive
Notes:
-za- is attested mainly in Central and Eastern dialects, although historically it was generalized across dialects (Mitxelena 1960).
References:
Bonaparte, Louis Lucien. 1869. Le verbe basque en tableaux, accompagné de notes gramaticales, selon les huits dialectes de l'euskara. Londres: Strageways and Walden. [Reprinted in 1992. Opera Omnia Vasconice. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia]
Euskaltzaindia. 1987. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak II. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1997]
Hualde José Ignacio. 2003. «Non-finite Forms». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 202-210.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2016. «On Basque dialects». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 15-36.
Mitxelena, Koldo. 1960. «Gipuzcoano y vasco». In Joseba A. Lakarra and Iñigo Ruiz Arzalluz (eds.), Luis Michelena. Obras Completas. VII. Fonética y Fonología, Morfosintaxis y Dialectología. 697-700.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
Answers
(2) pozgarri ekiozan berbak esaten hasi zan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) egin dagigun
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
ii.3. Indicative in imperative clauses: ez haizela joan (v ez hadi joan)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Imperative clauses consisting of analytical verbs involve the auxiliary verbs *ezan/*edin, both in affirmative and negative clauses.
| (1) | Ez | hadi | joan |
| no | 2ABS.edin | go | |
| ‘Don't go.’ | |||
Variational pattern. In some varieties the auxiliary izan ‘be’ is selected instead in negative imperative clauses.
| (2) | Ez | haizela | joan |
| no | 2SG.be.COMP | go | |
| ‘Don't go.’ | |||
Keywords: auxiliary alternation, imperative, mood, negation, relatives, root alternation, subjunctive
References:
Euskaltzaindia. 1987. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak II. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1997]
Answers
(2) pozgarri ekiozan berbak esaten hasi zan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) egin dagigun
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Ez haizela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
ii.4. Ditransitive auxiliary forms (-i, -ts, -ra)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Dative clitics are systematically preceded by a APPL in the finite verbal form (the so-called dative flag). The morphological form of this APPL in ditransitive forms is -i.
| (1) | eman | dizut |
| give.PTCP | (3ABS).(have).I.2DAT.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I give it to you.’ | ||
Reported in: Central varieties (Hualde 2003, 2016).
Variational pattern 1. The particular form of this APPL gives rise to morphological variation in ditransitive verbal forms. Some varieties show -ts (instead of -i) and an overt have root (-u-).
| (2) | eman | deutsut |
| give.PTCP | (3ABS).have.TS.2DAT.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I give it to you.’ | ||
Reported in: Western varieties (Zuazo 2013: 49; Hualde 2003, 2016).
Variational pattern 2. Other varieties show a similar pattern to variational pattern 1 that also includes a causative head -ra- (or its historical vestige).
| (3) | eman | d(er)autzut |
| give.PTCP | (3ABS).CAUS.have.TS.2DAT | |
| ‘I give it to you.’ | ||
Reported in: Zuberoan (Zuazo 2004: 39, 2013: 31), Lapurdian, Low Navarrese (Hualde 2016).
Keywords: P incorporation, applicatives, auxiliary alternation, causatives, dative agreement/clitics, dative flag, datives, ditransitive forms, imperative, mood, negation, relatives, root alternation, subjunctive
Notes:
Some authors consider *i(n) ‘give’ to be a ditransitive root different from izan ‘be’ and *edun ‘have’. See Lakarra (2008), Mounole (2015), and references therein.
References:
Fernández, Beatriz. 2012. «-(K)i eta -ra». International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology (ASJU), 46-2. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 257-270.
Fernández, Beatriz. 2013. «-(K)i hiztegian, eta hiztegiaz harantzago». International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology (ASJU), 47-2. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 1-26.
Fernández, Beatriz. 2015. «The sintax of -(k)i, a Basque preposition». In Xulio Sousa, Carlota de Benito and Víctor Lara (eds.), Dialectologia. Special Issue. Syntactic Variation in Western European Languages. From the noun phrase to clause structure. 81-107.
Hualde José Ignacio. 2003. «Non-finite Forms». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 202-210.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2016. «On Basque dialects». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 15-36.
Lafon, René. 1951. «La langue de Bernard Dechapare». BAP 7, 309-338.
Mounole, Céline. 2015. «Datibo komunztaduraz eta laguntzaile hirupertsonalen diakroniaz». In Beatriz Fernández and Pello Salaburu (eds.), Ibon Sarasola, Gorazarre. Homenatge, Homenaje. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 473-490.
Rezac, Milan. 2006. «Agreement displacement in Basque». manuscript, UPV/EHU. [Available in the Internet: http://www.umr7023.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article675]
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1893. «Sobre la formación de las flexiones de relación del verbo vasco». Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vascongada de los Amigos del País 28, 2-3. 217-337.
Trask, Larry. 1981. «Basque verbal morphology». In Euskalarien Nazioarteko Jardunaldiak [Iker 1]. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. 285-304.
Trask, Larry. 1997. The history of Basque. London: Routledge.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2004. Euskalkiak, herriaren lekukoak. Donostia: Elkar.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
Answers
(2) pozgarri ekiozan berbak esaten hasi zan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) egin dagigun
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Ez haizela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
(2) eman deutsut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) eman d(er)autzut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
ii.5. Bivalent intransitive forms: zakidan, dakit (v zitzaidan, zait)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Bivalent intransitive forms in the past tense are of the zitzaidan-type.
| (1) | Etorri | zitzaidan |
| come.PTCP | (3ABS).(be).APPL.1SG.DAT.PST | |
| ‘(S)he came to me.’ | ||
Variational pattern. Bivalent intransitive forms in the past tense shift to zakidan-like forms with a -ki- preceding the dative clitic.
| (2) | Etorri | zakidan |
| come.PTCP | (3ABS).(be).APPL.1SG.DAT.PST | |
| ‘(S)he came to me.’ | ||
Reported in: «Many areas of the Navarrese Basque. This is not the case in the Northwestern dialect or in Baztan. In most of Sakana, however, this is very strong and has also been extended to the present tense.» (Zuazo 2013: 73).
Reported in: Sakana (Zuazo 2013: 47).Subvariational pattern. The presence of -ki extends to the present tense.
(3) Ahaztu dakit forget.PTCP (3ABS).(be).APPL.1SG.DAT ‘I have forgotten.’
Keywords: P incorporation, applicatives, auxiliary alternation, bivalent intransitives, causatives, dative agreement/clitics, dative flag, datives, ditransitive forms, imperative, mood, negation, relatives, root alternation, subjunctive
Notes:
Zuazo (2013: 73) considers -ki to be the root in forms such as etorri zakidan ‘(s)he came to me’. Therefore, the alternation is interpreted as an auxiliary alternation.
References:
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2016. «On Basque dialects». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 15-36.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
Answers
(2) pozgarri ekiozan berbak esaten hasi zan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) egin dagigun
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Ez haizela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
(2) eman deutsut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) eman d(er)autzut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Etorri zakidan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) Ahaztu dakit
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
ii.6. *Edun ‘have’ instead of izan ‘be’ with bivalent unaccusatives: gustatzen nau, gustatzen dizu (v zait, zaizu)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Unaccusatives both monovalent and bivalent select the auxiliary izan ‘be’.
| (1) | Niri | marmitakoa | gustatzen | zait |
| I.DAT | tuna stew.ABS | like.IPFV | (3ABS).be.1SG.DAT | |
| ‘I like Basque tuna stew.’ | ||||
Variational pattern. Some varieties select *edun ‘have’ instead.
| (2a) | Niri | marmitakoa | gustatzen | nau |
| I.DAT | tuna stew.ABS | like. IPFV | 1SG.ABS.have (Dative Displacement context) | |
| ‘I like Basque tuna stew.’ | ||||
| (2b) | Zuri | marmitakoa | gustatzen | dizu |
| you.DAT | tuna stew.ABS | like.IPFV | (3ABS).have.2DAT | |
| ‘You like Basque tuna stew.’ Fernández (2004: 101) | ||||
| (2c) | Aittonari | ez | dio | gustatzen |
| Grandpa.DAT | no | (3ABS).have.APPL.2DAT | like.IPFV | |
| ‘Grandpa does not like it.’ Yrizar (1992-II: 449) | ||||
Reported in: Hondarribia (Yrizar 1992-II; Letamendia and Sagarzazu 1992; Sagarzazu 1994; Fernández 2004).
Keywords: P incorporation, applicatives, auxiliary alternation, bivalent intransitives, causatives, dative agreement/clitics, dative displacement, dative flag, datives, ditransitive forms, imperative, mood, negation, relatives, root alternation, subjunctive
References:
Fernández Beatriz and Marijo Ezeizabarrena. 2003. «Itsasaldeko Solezismoa Datiboaren Lekualdatzearen argipean». In Jesus Mari Makatzaga and Beñat Oyharçabal (eds.), Euskal Gramatikari eta Literaturari buruzko ikerketak XXI. mendearen atarian. Gramatika gaiak. Iker 14 (1). Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. 255-277.
Fernández, Beatriz. 2001. «On Split Ergativity: Evidence from Basque». In Vivian Lin, Cornelia Krause, Benjamin Bruening and Karlos Arregi (eds.), Papers on Morphology and Syntax. Cycle Two. MITWPL 34. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press. 177-190.
Fernández, Beatriz. 2004. «Gustatzen nau, gustatzen dizu: aditz laguntzaile eta komunztadura bitxiak perpaus ez-akusatiboetan». In Pablo Albizu and Beatriz Fernández (eds.), Euskal gramatika XXI. mendearen atarian. Gramatika gaiak. Iker 14 (1). Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Lafitte, Pierre. 1944. Grammaire Basque (Navarro-Labourdin Littèraire). Baiona: Librairie Le Livre. [Reprinted in 1979. Donostia: Elkar]
Letamendia, Juan Antonio and Txomin Sagarzazu. 1992. «Hondarribiko hizkera Roque Jazinto Salazarren predikuan (1778)». Iker 7. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. 497-533.
Rezac, Milan and Beatriz Fernández. 2013. «Dative Displacement in Basque». In In Beatriz Fernández and Ricardo Etxepare (eds.), Variation in datives: a microcomparative perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. 256-282.
Rezac, Milan. 2006. «Agreement displacement in Basque». manuscript, UPV/EHU. [Available in the Internet: http://www.umr7023.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article675]
Sagarzazu, Txomin. 1994. «Hondarribiko mintzairazko ikuspegiak: Larramendi, Bonaparte, Azkue». In Ricardo Gómez and Joseba Andoni Lakarra (eds.), Euskal dialektologiako kongresua (Donostia 1991ko irailak 2-6). Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology (ASJU) XXVIII. Donostia: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia. 589-631.
Yrizar, Pedro de. 1992. Morfología del verbo auxiliar Alto Navarro Septentrional. 2 vol. Donostia: Gipuzkoako Kutxa.
Answers
(2) pozgarri ekiozan berbak esaten hasi zan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) egin dagigun
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Ez haizela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
(2) eman deutsut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) eman d(er)autzut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Etorri zakidan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) Ahaztu dakit
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2a) Niri marmitakoa gustatzen nau
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | Yes | Ricardo Etxepare |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2b) Zuri marmitakoa gustatzen dizu
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2c) Aittonari ez dio gustatzen
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
ii.7. Causatives: eragin (v arazi)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Causatives are formed by the causative arazi (erazo, arazo) ‘make’, which includes the old causative marker -ra-.
| (1) | Nik | Joni | liburua | irakurarazi | diot |
| I.ERG | Jon.DAT | book.ABS | read.make | (3ABS).have.APPL.3SG.DAT.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have made Jon read the book.’ | |||||
Variational pattern. Some varieties prefer the causative eragin formed by the same causative marker -ra- attested in arazi in combination with the verb egin ‘do’ (e-ra-gin ‘make do’).
| (2) | Nik | Joni | liburua | irakur eragin diot |
| I.ERG | Jon.DAT | book.ABS | read make (3ABS).have.APPL.3SG.DAT.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have made Jon read the book.’ | ||||
Keywords: P incorporation, applicatives, auxiliary alternation, bivalent intransitives, causatives, dative agreement/clitics, dative displacement, dative flag, datives, ditransitive forms, imperative, mood, negation, relatives, root alternation, subjunctive
References:
Ortiz de Urbina, Jon. 2003b. «Causatives». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 592-607.
Answers
(2) pozgarri ekiozan berbak esaten hasi zan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) egin dagigun
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Ez haizela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
(2) eman deutsut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | Yes | Igor Estankona |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) eman d(er)autzut
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Etorri zakidan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) Ahaztu dakit
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2a) Niri marmitakoa gustatzen nau
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | Yes | Ricardo Etxepare |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2b) Zuri marmitakoa gustatzen dizu
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2c) Aittonari ez dio gustatzen
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Nik Joni liburua irakur eragin diot
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2b) Zuri marmitakoa gustatzen dizu
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2c) Aittonari ez dio gustatzen
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | Yes | Aritz Irurtzun |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |