viii. Complementizer
viii.1. Negation in imperative clauses: ez zaitezela joan (v ez zaitez joan)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Imperative clauses consisting of analytical verbs may appear along with negation.
| (1) | Ez | zaitez | joan |
| no | 2ABS.edin.IMP | go | |
| ‘Don't go.’ | |||
Variational pattern. Some varieties need to add the complementizer -(e)la to the auxiliaries in negative contexts.
| (2) | Ez | zaitezela | joan |
| no | 2ABS.edin.ELA | go | |
| ‘Don't go.’ | |||
Keywords: complementizer, imperative, negation, subjunctive, verb
References:
Lafitte, Pierre. 1944. Grammaire Basque (Navarro-Labourdin Littèraire). Baiona: Librairie Le Livre. [Reprinted in 1979. Donostia: Elkar]
Oyharçabal, Bernard. 2000. «Note à propos des formes jussives préfixées en b- du basque». Lapurdum, 5: 225-235.
Answers
(2) Ez zaitezela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
viii.2. Partitive in appositive relative phrases with undetermined antecedent: -ik (v -a)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Appositive relative phrases are headed by the complementizer ‑(e)n and the determiner a.
| (1) | Bazen | neskatxa | txiki | bat | ona | zena |
| BA.was | lady | little | one | good.ART | was.EN.ART | |
| ‘There was a good lady’ | ||||||
Variational pattern. In some varieties the complementizer -en can be headed by the partitive, instead of by the determiner.
| (2) | Bazen | neskatxa | ttipi | bat | ona | zenik |
| BA.was | lady | little | one | good.ART | was.EN.PRTV | |
| ‘There was a good lady’ | ||||||
Keywords: appositive relatives, complementizer, embedding, imperative, negation, partitive, relatives, relativizer, subjunctive, verb
References:
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G. 1972. «Partitive assignment in Basque». International Journal of Basque Philology (ASJU), VI: 130-73.
Answers
(2) Ez zaitezela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
(2) Bazen neskatxa ttipi bat ona zenik
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
viii.3. Non-factive complements: -(r)ik (v -(e)la)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Non-factive complement clauses are headed by the complementizer -(e)la.
| (1) | Uste | duzue | dirua | nik | ostu | dudala? |
| uste | (3ABS).have.2PL.ERG | dirua | ni.ERG | ostu | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG.ELA | |
| ‘Do you think that I stole the money?’ | ||||||
Variational pattern. Some varieties have the complementizer -(e)n plus the partitive marker instead.
| (2) | Uste | al | dezute | dirua | nik | ostu | dedanik? |
| uste | al | (3ABS).have.2PL.ERG | dirua | ni.ERG | ostu | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG.EN.PRTV | |
| ‘Do you think that I stole the money?’ | |||||||
Keywords: appositive relatives, complementizer, embedding, imperative, negation, non-factive complements, partitive, relatives, relativizer, subjunctive, verb
References:
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G. 1972. «Partitive assignment in Basque». International Journal of Basque Philology (ASJU), VI: 130-73.
Answers
(2) Ez zaitezela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
(2) Bazen neskatxa ttipi bat ona zenik
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste duzue dirua nik ostu dudanik?
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
viii.4. Non-factive sentential complements: -(e)n (v -(e)la)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Sentential non-factives complements are headed by the complementizer -(e)la.
| (1) | Uste dut | zurea | dela |
| think (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | yours | is.ELA | |
| ‘I think it is yours.’ | |||
Variational pattern. In some varieties, sentential non-factive complements are headed by -(e)n instead of -(e)la.
| (2) | Uste dut | zurea | den |
| think (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | yours | is.EN | |
| ‘I think it is yours.’ | |||
Keywords: appositive relatives, complementizer, embedding, imperative, negation, non-factive complements, non-factive sentential complements, partitive, relatives, relativizer, subjunctive, verb
References:
Artiagoitia, Xabier. 2003. «Complementation (noun clauses)». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 634-711.
Euskaltzaindia. 1999. Euskal gramatika. Lehen urratsak - V. Mendeko perpausak 1. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]
Answers
(2) Ez zaitezela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
(2) Bazen neskatxa ttipi bat ona zenik
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste duzue dirua nik ostu dudanik?
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste dut zurea den
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | Yes | Imotz |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
viii.5. Factive sentential complements: -(e)na (v -(e)la)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Sentential factives complements are headed by the complementizer -(e)la.
| (1) | Badakit | euskalduna | zarela |
| I know | Basque | are.ELA | |
| ‘I know that you are Basque.’ | |||
Variational pattern. In some varieties, sentential factive complements are headed by -(e)na instead of -(e)la.
| (2) | Badakit | euskalduna | zarena |
| I know | Basque | are.ENA | |
| ‘I know that you are Basque.’ | |||
Reported in: western Basque (Zuazo 2004: 76, 2013:52); Aramaio (Ormaetxea 2002: 123).
Keywords: appositive relatives, complementizer, embedding, factive sentential complements, imperative, negation, non-factive complements, non-factive sentential complements, partitive, relatives, relativizer, subjunctive, verb
References:
Artiagoitia, Xabier. 2003. «Complementation (noun clauses)». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 634-711.
Euskaltzaindia. 1999. Euskal gramatika. Lehen urratsak - V. Mendeko perpausak 1. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]
Ormaetxea, Txipi. 2002. Aramaioko euskara. Aramaio: Aramaioko Udala.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2004. Euskalkiak, herriaren lekukoak. Donostia: Elkar.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
Answers
(2) Ez zaitezela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
(2) Bazen neskatxa ttipi bat ona zenik
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste duzue dirua nik ostu dudanik?
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste dut zurea den
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | Yes | Imotz |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Badakit euskalduna zarena
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
viii.6. Bait- in sentential complements: bait- (v -(e)la)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Sentential factives complements are headed by the complementizer -(e)la.
| (1) | Hau | da | haren | abantailik | handiena, | ez | duela | asko | gastatzen |
| This | is | her/his | advantage.PRTV | biggest | not | (3ABS).have.3ERG.ELA | much | spend.IPFV | |
| ‘That’s the main advantage, that (s)he doesn`t spent much.’ | |||||||||
Variational pattern. Bait- is also attested in complement clauses. In general, this sentential complement is presented by a demostrative in the main sentence (Lafitte 1979 [1944]: 405).
| (2) | Hau | da | haren | abantailik | handiena, | ez | baitu | ainitz | xahutzen |
| This | is | her/his | advantage.PRTV | biggest | not | BAIT.(3ABS).have.3ERG | much | spend.IPFV | |
| ‘That’s the main advantage, that (s)he doesn`t spent much.’ | |||||||||
Reported in: eastern varieties (Lafitte 1979 [1944]: 405), Artiagoitia (2003: 648)
Keywords: appositive relatives, complementizer, embedding, factive sentential complements, imperative, negation, non-factive complements, non-factive sentential complements, partitive, relatives, relativizer, sentential complements, subjunctive, verb
References:
Artiagoitia, Xabier. 2003. «Complementation (noun clauses)». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 634-711.
Lafitte, Pierre. 1944. Grammaire Basque (Navarro-Labourdin Littèraire). Baiona: Librairie Le Livre. [Reprinted in 1979. Donostia: Elkar]
Answers
(2) Ez zaitezela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
(2) Bazen neskatxa ttipi bat ona zenik
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste duzue dirua nik ostu dudanik?
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste dut zurea den
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | Yes | Imotz |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Badakit euskalduna zarena
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Hau da haren abantailik handiena, ez baitu ainitz xahutzen
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
viii.7. Appositive relatives with pronouns: zein...bait- (v -(e)n)
Short description
Generalized pattern. Appositive relative clauses can be formed by a pronoun of the zein ‘which’-type and a complementizer -(e)n following the finite verb.
| (1) | Obaba, | zein(a) | Atxagak | idatzi | duen, | ederra | da |
| Obaba.ABS | which.ABS | Atxaga.ERG | write | (3ABS).have.3ERG.EN | great | is | |
| ‘Obaba, which has been written by Atxaga, is great.’ | |||||||
Variational pattern 1. Alterntively, it can be formed in the same fashion combining the pronoun with the complementizer bait- preceding the finite verb.
| (2) | Obaba, | zein(a) | Atxagak | idatzi | baitu, | ederra | da |
| Obaba.ABS | which | Atxaga.ERG | write | BAIT.(3ABS).have.3ERG | great | is | |
| ‘Obaba, which has been written by Atxaga, is great.’ | |||||||
Variational pattern 2. Some appositive relatives, the so-called bait-relatives, are formed with no pronoun and with the complementizer bait-.
| (3) | Landibarren | badira | lau kartier, | horiek | baitira | Behaune, | Dona | Martine, | Donostia | eta | Azkonbegi | (Oihartzabal 2003: 816) |
| Landibar.INE | are | four neighborhood | those | BAIT.are | Behaune, | Dona | Martine, | Donostia | and | Azkonbegi | ||
| ‘There are four neighbourhoods in Landibar, which are Behaune, Dona Martine, Donostia and Azkonbegi’ | ||||||||||||
Reported in: eastern varieties Oihartzabal (2003)
Keywords: bait-relatives, appositive relatives, complementizer, embedding, factive sentential complements, imperative, negation, non-factive complements, non-factive sentential complements, partitive, relatives, relativizer, sentential complements, subjunctive, verb
Notes:
«(...)modern eastern dialects developed another kind of relative (which also exists in earlier texts, however), which we refer to as as ‘bait-relative’. Contrary to relatives with relative pronouns, bait-relatives are very common in present day spoken Basque in eastern dialects. Bait-relatives are appositive or extraposed relatives, in which no relative pronoun is used, but where resumptive pronoun can be employed. The only complementizer which can be used in these relatives is bait- (-(e)n is excluded).» (Oihartzabal 2003:816).
References:
Artiagoitia, Xabier. 2003. «Complementation (noun clauses)». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 634-711.
Lafitte, Pierre. 1944. Grammaire Basque (Navarro-Labourdin Littèraire). Baiona: Librairie Le Livre. [Reprinted in 1979. Donostia: Elkar]
Oyharçabal, Beñat. 2003. «Relatives». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 762-823.
Answers
(2) Ez zaitezela joan
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
(2) Bazen neskatxa ttipi bat ona zenik
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste duzue dirua nik ostu dudanik?
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | Yes | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Uste dut zurea den
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | Yes | Imotz |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Badakit euskalduna zarena
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | Yes | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | Yes | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | Yes | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | Yes | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | Yes | Ane Odria |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | Yes | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Bilbao |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | Yes | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | Yes | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | Yes | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | Yes | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | Yes | Xabier Burgete |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(2) Hau da haren abantailik handiena, ez baitu ainitz xahutzen
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
(2) Obaba, zein(a) Atxagak idatzi baitu, ederra da
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | No | Pello Salaburu |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Céline Mounole |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | No | Orreaga Ibarra |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñaki Camino |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | No | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | No | Maitena Duhalde |
(3) Landibarren badira lau kartier, horiek baitira Behaune, Dona Martine, Donostia eta Azkonbegi
| BiV code | Town | Dialect | Value | Contributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-ari | Arizkun (Baztan) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Pello Salaburu |
| L-lar | Larresoro | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Céline Mounole |
| N-mez | Mezkiritz (Erroibar) | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Orreaga Ibarra |
| NB-ora | Oragarre | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Itxaro Borda |
| N-orb | Orbaizeta | Navarrese Basque | Yes | Iñaki Camino |
| Z-urd | Urdiñarbe | Zuberoan Basque | Yes | Maider Bedaxagar |
| L-zib | Ziburu | Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque | Yes | Maitena Duhalde |
| A-ara | Aramaio | Western Basque | No | Txipi Ormaetxea |
| N-arb | Arbizu | Navarrese Basque | No | Juanjo Olasagarre |
| B-art | Artea | Western Basque | No | Igor Estankona |
| G-azp | Azpeitia | Central Basque | No | Patxi Goenaga |
| G-bei | Beizama | Central Basque | No | Lourdes Otaegi |
| G-ber | Bergara | Western Basque | No | Alexander Artzelus |
| G-elg | Elgoibar | Western Basque | No | Ane Odria |
| G-ert | Errenteria | Central Basque | No | Aritz Irurtzun |
| N-elk | Etxaleku (Imotz) | Central Basque | No | Imotz |
| B-ger | Gernika | Western Basque | No | Alaine Barruetabeña |
| B-get | Getxo | Western Basque | No | Xabier Bilbao |
| N-goi | Goizueta | Navarrese Basque | No | Juan Jose Zubiri |
| G-her | Hernani | Central Basque | No | Eñaut Agirre |
| G-iru | Irun | Central Basque | No | Ricardo Etxepare |
| G-its | Itsasondo | Central Basque | No | Urtzi Etxeberria |
| B-lek | Lekeitio | Western Basque | No | Arantzazu Elordieta |
| B-loi | Loiu | Western Basque | No | Oihana Astobieta |
| B-mab | Mallabia | Western Basque | No | Koldo Zuazo |
| B-mun | Mungia | Western Basque | No | Miren Ibarluzea |
| B-otx | Otxandio | Western Basque | No | Xabier Burgete |
| N-urd | Urdiain | Navarrese Basque | No | Iñigo Urrestarazu |