Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(3) Nik zuri ikusi dizut
Fernández, Beatriz and Milan Rezac. 2010. «Datibo osagarri bitxiak eta Datiboaren Lekualdatzea: ari nai diyot eta kanta egin nazu bidegurutzean». In Beatriz Fernandez, Pablo Albizu and Ricardo Etxepare (eds.), Euskara eta euskarak: aldakortasun sintaktikoa aztergai. Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology (ASJU), LII. UPV/EHU. 113-149.
Fernández, Beatriz and Milan Rezac. 2016. «Differential object marking in Basque varieties». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 93-137.
Hualde, José Ignacio, Gorka Elordieta and Arantzazu Elordieta. 1994. The Basque dialect of Lekeitio. Bilbo and Donostia: PV/EHU and Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia. Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Philology ASJU 34.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2016. «On Basque dialects». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 15-36.
Mounole, Céline. 2012. «Evolution of the transitive verbs in Basque and apparition of datively marked patients». In Gilles Authier and Katharina Haude (eds.), Ergativity and Voice. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 355-379.
Odria, Ane. 2014. «Differential object marking and the nature of dative case in Basque varieties». Linguistic Variation, 14-2. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 289-317.
Odria, Ane. 2017. Differential Object Marking and datives in Basque syntax. Ph.D. diss., UPV/EHU.
Rezac, Milan. 2006. «Agreement displacement in Basque». manuscript, UPV/EHU. [Available in the Internet: http://www.umr7023.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article675]
Alternative name: Basque leísmo (Rezac 2006), quirky objects (Fernández and Rezac 2010)
Generalized pattern. Transitive objects are marked by absolutive case and are cross-referenced by absolutive agreement morphemes on the auxiliary.
| (1a) | Nik | zu | ikusi | zaitut |
| I.ERG | you.ABS | see.PTCP | 2ABS.have.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have seen you.’ | ||||
| (1b) | Nik | zu | ikusi | zintudan |
| I.ERG | you.ABS | see.PTCP | 2ABS.have.1SG.ERG.PST | |
| 'I saw you.' | ||||
Variational pattern. In past verbal forms, animate objects are marked by dative case and are cross-referenced by dative agreement morphemes on the auxiliary.
| (2) | Nik | zuri | ikusi | nizun |
| I.ERG | you.DAT | see.PTCP | 1SG.ERG.have.APPL.2DAT.PST | |
| ‘I saw you.’ | ||||
(3) Nik zuri ikusi dizut I.ERG you.DAT see.PTCP (3ABS).have.APPL.2DAT.1SG.ERG 'I have seen you'
Chapter: Case and Agreement
Keywords: agreement/clitics, animacy, case, datives, differential object marking
Fernández and Rezac (2010, 2016), Hualde (2016), Hualde, Elordieta and Elordieta (1994: 86), Mounole (2012), Odria (2014, 2017), Rezac (2006)
Fernández, Beatriz and Milan Rezac. 2010. «Datibo osagarri bitxiak eta Datiboaren Lekualdatzea: ari nai diyot eta kanta egin nazu bidegurutzean». In Beatriz Fernandez, Pablo Albizu and Ricardo Etxepare (eds.), Euskara eta euskarak: aldakortasun sintaktikoa aztergai. Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology (ASJU), LII. UPV/EHU. 113-149.
Fernández, Beatriz and Milan Rezac. 2016. «Differential object marking in Basque varieties». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 93-137.
Hualde, José Ignacio, Gorka Elordieta and Arantzazu Elordieta. 1994. The Basque dialect of Lekeitio. Bilbo and Donostia: PV/EHU and Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia. Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Philology ASJU 34.
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2016. «On Basque dialects». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 15-36.
Mounole, Céline. 2012. «Evolution of the transitive verbs in Basque and apparition of datively marked patients». In Gilles Authier and Katharina Haude (eds.), Ergativity and Voice. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 355-379.
Odria, Ane. 2014. «Differential object marking and the nature of dative case in Basque varieties». Linguistic Variation, 14-2. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 289-317.
Odria, Ane. 2017. Differential Object Marking and datives in Basque syntax. Ph.D. diss., UPV/EHU.
Rezac, Milan. 2006. «Agreement displacement in Basque». manuscript, UPV/EHU. [Available in the Internet: http://www.umr7023.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article675]
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded