Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
Zuazo, Koldo. 2004. Euskalkiak, herriaren lekukoak. Donostia: Elkar.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
Generalized pattern. Basque arguments trigger number agreement. In transitive forms, plural objects are cross-referenced by the pluralizer -it. Ditransitive forms including a plural object are of the dizkiozu-type with -zki instead.
(1a) | Zuk | liburuak | ekarri | dituzu |
you.ERG | book.ABS | bring.PTCP | (3ABS).PL.have.2SG.ERG | |
‘You have brought the books to Jon.’ |
(1b) | Zuk | Joni | liburuak | ekarri | dizkiozu |
you.ERG | Jon.DAT | book.ABS | give.PTCP | (3ABS).have.PL.APPL.3SG.DAT.2SG.ERG | |
‘You have given Jon the books.’ |
Variational pattern. Some varieties favor -it (instead of -zki) in ditransitive constructions.
(2) | Zuk | Joni | liburuak | ekarri | ditiozu |
you.ERG | Jon.DAT | book.ABS | give.PTCP | (3ABS).PL.have.APPL.3SG.DAT.2SG.ERG | |
‘You have given Jon the books.’ |
Reported in: «This innovation does not seem to be very old; it has spread throughout most of central and western Navarre. This excludes Burunda, Ergoiena, and Etxarri Aranatz, and is very weak in Baztan. On the other hand, it is present in Imotz, Basaburua, northern Basaburua Txikia, and eastern Larraun. It can also be hard in the northeastern Gipuzkoa, although it has recently started to disappear. I has best survived in Hondarribia (Gipuzkoa).» (Zuazo 2013: 73). See also, Zuazo (2004: 125, 130) for Hondarribia.
Chapter: Case and Agreement
Keywords: ditransitive forms, number agreement, pluralizers


Zuazo, Koldo. 2004. Euskalkiak, herriaren lekukoak. Donostia: Elkar.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded