Features

28. Ditransitive auxiliary forms (-i, -ts, -ra)

Yellow: variational pattern attested
Blue: variational pattern non-attested

(2) eman deutsut
(3) eman d(er)autzut

Short description
Answers
References
Abbreviations

Fernández, Beatriz. 2012. «-(K)i eta -ra». International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology (ASJU), 46-2. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 257-270.

Fernández, Beatriz. 2013. «-(K)i hiztegian, eta hiztegiaz harantzago». International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology (ASJU), 47-2. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 1-26.

Fernández, Beatriz. 2015. «The sintax of -(k)i, a Basque preposition». In Xulio Sousa, Carlota de Benito and Víctor Lara (eds.), Dialectologia. Special Issue. Syntactic Variation in Western European Languages. From the noun phrase to clause structure. 81-107.

Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003b. «Non-finite Forms». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 196-246.

Hualde, José Ignacio. 2016. «On Basque dialects». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 15-36.

Lafon, René. 1951. «La langue de Bernard Dechapare». BAP 7, 309-338.

Mounole, Céline. 2015. «Datibo komunztaduraz eta laguntzaile hirupertsonalen diakroniaz». In Beatriz Fernández and Pello Salaburu (eds.), Ibon Sarasola, Gorazarre. Homenatge, Homenaje. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 473-490.

Rezac, Milan. 2006. «Agreement displacement in Basque». manuscript, UPV/EHU. [Available in the Internet: http://www.umr7023.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article675]

Schuchardt, Hugo. 1893. «Sobre la formación de las flexiones de relación del verbo vasco». Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vascongada de los Amigos del País 28, 2-3. 217-337.

Trask, Larry. 1981. «Basque verbal morphology». In Euskalarien Nazioarteko Jardunaldiak [Iker 1]. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. 285-304.

Trask, Larry. 1997. The history of Basque. London: Routledge.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2004. Euskalkiak, herriaren lekukoak. Donostia: Elkar.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.

Generalized pattern. Dative clitics are systematically preceded by a APPL in the finite verbal form (the so-called dative flag). The morphological form of this APPL in ditransitive forms is -i.

(1)	eman	dizut
	give.PTCP	(3ABS).(have).I.2DAT.1SG.ERG
	‘I give it to you.’

Reported in: Central varieties (Hualde 2003b, 2016).

Variational pattern 1. The particular form of this APPL gives rise to morphological variation in ditransitive verbal forms. Some varieties show -ts (instead of -i) and an overt have root (-u-).

(2)	eman	deutsut
	give.PTCP	(3ABS).have.TS.2DAT.1SG.ERG
	‘I give it to you.’

Reported in: Western varieties (Zuazo 2013: 49; Hualde 2003b, 2016).

Variational pattern 2. Other varieties show a similar pattern to variational pattern 1 that also includes a causative head -ra- (or its historical vestige).

(3)	eman	d(er)autzut
	give.PTCP	(3ABS).CAUS.have.TS.2DAT
	‘I give it to you.’

Reported in: Zuberoan (Zuazo 2004: 39, 2013: 31), Lapurdian, Low Navarrese (Hualde 2016).

Chapter: Auxiliary Alternation

Keywords: P incorporation, applicatives, auxiliary alternation, causatives, dative agreement/clitics, dative flag, datives, ditransitive forms, root alternation

Notes:

Some authors consider *i(n) ‘give’ to be a ditransitive root different from izan ‘be’ and *edun ‘have’. See Lakarra (2008), Mounole (2015), and references therein.

References:

Fernández (2012, 2013, 2015), Hualde (2003b, 2016), Lafon (1961), Mounole (2015), Rezac (2006), Schuchardt (1893), Trask (1997, 1981), Zuazo (2004, 2013)