Features

43. Sociative: -gaz  (v -kin)
Yellow: variational pattern attested
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(2) Zugaz etorri naiz
(3) Andreakaz etorri naiz
(4) Andreekin etorri naiz

Euskaltzaindia. 1985. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak I. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]

Goenaga, Patxi. 2022. Euskal gramatika: egiturak eta osagaiak. Euskaltzaindia.  

Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003a. «Case and number inflection of noun phrases». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 171-187.

Oyharçabal, Beñat. in progress. Grammaire Basque. Euskaltzaindia.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2004. Euskalkiak, herriaren lekukoak. Donostia: Elkar.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2008. Euskalkiak, euskararen dialektoak. Donostia: Elkar.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.

Alternative name: Comitative (Hualde 2003a)

Generalized pattern. The sociative postposition is mainly -kin. This postposition is systematically preceded by a genitive.

(1) Zurekin etorri naiz
you.GEN.SOC come.PTCP 1SG.ABS.be
‘I came with you.’

Variational pattern 1. Instead of -kin, -gaz is documented in some varieties. Contrary to -kin, -gaz is never preceded by a genitive. -gaz embraces the animacy marker -ga and the instrumental -z.

(2) Zugaz etorri naiz
you.SOC come.PTCP 1SG.ABS.be
‘I came with you.’

Reported in: western dialects (Hualde 2003a: 184); Bizkaian and Gipuzkoan areas (Hualde 2003a: 184); most of the Western Basque area (Zuazo 2013: 47).

Subvariational pattern 1
. In those varieties where -gaz is attested, plural forms of the sociative can be also formed in the same fashion (-kaz, that is, pluralizer, animacy marker +instrumental).

(3) Andreakaz etorri naiz
women.SOC come.PTCP 1SG.ABS.be
‘I came with the women.’

Reported in: wide area of Bizkaia (Zuazo 2013: 47).

Subvariational pattern 2
. Instead of -gaz plural sociatives shift to -kin.

(4) Andreekin etorri naiz
women.SOC come.PTCP SG.ABS.be
‘I came with the women.’

Reported in: Deba Valley of Gipuzkoa and in eastern Bizkaia (Zuazo 2013: 47).

Chapter: Postpositions

Keywords: instrumental, postpositions, sociative (comitative)

Notes:

«pluraleko -kaz horren eremua murritzagoa da; sartaldean erabiltzen da gehien bat. Hauxe da, hain zuzen, mendebaleko azpieuskalki biak bereizten dituen ezaugarrietako bat, -kin erabiltzen delako sortaldean (Zuazo 2008: 70).»

References:

Euskaltzaindia (1985), Goenaga (2022), Hualde (2003a), Oyharçabal (in progress), Zuazo (2004, 2008, 2013)

Euskaltzaindia. 1985. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak I. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]

Goenaga, Patxi. 2022. Euskal gramatika: egiturak eta osagaiak. Euskaltzaindia.  

Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003a. «Case and number inflection of noun phrases». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 171-187.

Oyharçabal, Beñat. in progress. Grammaire Basque. Euskaltzaindia.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2004. Euskalkiak, herriaren lekukoak. Donostia: Elkar.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2008. Euskalkiak, euskararen dialektoak. Donostia: Elkar.

Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.

save answers as csv | xls | xml
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
A-ara
Aramaio
Western Basque
Yes
Txipi Ormaetxea
B-art
Artea
Western Basque
Yes
Igor Estankona
B-ger
Gernika
Western Basque
Yes
Alaine Barruetabeña
B-get
Getxo
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Bilbao
B-lek
Lekeitio
Western Basque
Yes
Arantzazu Elordieta
B-loi
Loiu
Western Basque
Yes
Oihana Astobieta
B-mab
Mallabia
Western Basque
Yes
Koldo Zuazo
B-mun
Mungia
Western Basque
Yes
Miren Ibarluzea
B-otx
Otxandio
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Burgete
N-arb
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
No
Juanjo Olasagarre
N-ari
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
No
Pello Salaburu
G-azp
Azpeitia
Central Basque
No
Patxi Goenaga
G-bei
Beizama
Central Basque
No
Lourdes Otaegi
G-ber
Bergara
Western Basque
No
Alexander Artzelus
G-elg
Elgoibar
Western Basque
No
Ane Odria
G-ert
Errenteria
Central Basque
No
Aritz Irurtzun
N-elk
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
N-goi
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
No
Juan Jose Zubiri
G-her
Hernani
Central Basque
No
Eñaut Agirre
G-iru
Irun
Central Basque
No
Ricardo Etxepare
G-its
Itsasondo
Central Basque
No
Urtzi Etxeberria
L-lar
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
N-mez
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
NB-ora
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Itxaro Borda
N-orb
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
N-urd
Urdiain
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñigo Urrestarazu
Z-urd
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
No
Maider Bedaxagar
L-zib
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Maitena Duhalde
save answers as csv | xls | xml
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
B-art
Artea
Western Basque
Yes
Igor Estankona
B-ger
Gernika
Western Basque
Yes
Alaine Barruetabeña
B-get
Getxo
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Bilbao
B-loi
Loiu
Western Basque
Yes
Oihana Astobieta
B-mun
Mungia
Western Basque
Yes
Miren Ibarluzea
B-otx
Otxandio
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Burgete
A-ara
Aramaio
Western Basque
No
Txipi Ormaetxea
N-arb
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
No
Juanjo Olasagarre
N-ari
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
No
Pello Salaburu
G-azp
Azpeitia
Central Basque
No
Patxi Goenaga
G-bei
Beizama
Central Basque
No
Lourdes Otaegi
G-ber
Bergara
Western Basque
No
Alexander Artzelus
G-elg
Elgoibar
Western Basque
No
Ane Odria
G-ert
Errenteria
Central Basque
No
Aritz Irurtzun
N-elk
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
N-goi
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
No
Juan Jose Zubiri
G-her
Hernani
Central Basque
No
Eñaut Agirre
G-iru
Irun
Central Basque
No
Ricardo Etxepare
G-its
Itsasondo
Central Basque
No
Urtzi Etxeberria
L-lar
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
B-lek
Lekeitio
Western Basque
No
Arantzazu Elordieta
B-mab
Mallabia
Western Basque
No
Koldo Zuazo
N-mez
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
NB-ora
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Itxaro Borda
N-orb
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
N-urd
Urdiain
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñigo Urrestarazu
Z-urd
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
No
Maider Bedaxagar
L-zib
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Maitena Duhalde
save answers as csv | xls | xml
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
A-ara
Aramaio
Western Basque
Yes
Txipi Ormaetxea
B-lek
Lekeitio
Western Basque
Yes
Arantzazu Elordieta
B-mab
Mallabia
Western Basque
Yes
Koldo Zuazo
B-otx
Otxandio
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Burgete
B-art
Artea
Western Basque
No
Igor Estankona
G-elg
Elgoibar
Western Basque
No
Ane Odria
B-ger
Gernika
Western Basque
No
Alaine Barruetabeña
B-get
Getxo
Western Basque
No
Xabier Bilbao
B-loi
Loiu
Western Basque
No
Oihana Astobieta
B-mun
Mungia
Western Basque
No
Miren Ibarluzea

ABL: ablative

ABS: absolutive

ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context

ALL: allative

ALLO: allocutive

APPL: applicative

BN: bounded

CAUS: causative

COMP: complementizer

DAT: dative

DD: dative displacement

DEST: destinative

ED: Ergative Displacement

ERG: ergative

FAM: familiar

F: feminine

GEN: genitive

IPFV: imperfective

INE: inessive

INS: instrumental

M: masculine

MOD: mood

NMLZ: nominalizer

NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)

NP: noun phrase

PTCP: participle

PST: past

PL: plural

POST: postposition

PROG: progressive

PROS: prospective

PRTV: partitive

REL: relational postposition

RES: resultative

SG: singular

SOC: sociative

TERM: terminative

UNBN : unbounded

The abbreviations in this database follow the Leipzig Glossing Rules.