Features

44. Sociative: -kilan (v -kin)
Yellow: variational pattern attested
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(2) Airatu da bertze batekilan

Euskaltzaindia. 1985. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak I. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]

Euskaltzaindia. 1999. Euskal gramatika. Lehen urratsak - V. Mendeko perpausak 1. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]

Euskaltzaindia. 2021. Euskararen gramatika. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.

Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003a. «Case and number inflection of noun phrases». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 171-187.

Lafitte, Pierre. 1944. Grammaire Basque (Navarro-Labourdin Littèraire). Baiona: Librairie Le Livre. [Reprinted in 1979. Donostia: Elkar]

Oyharçabal, Beñat. in progress. Grammaire Basque. Euskaltzaindia.

Generalized pattern. The sociative postposition is mainly -kin. This postposition is systematically preceded by a genitive.

(1) Zurekin etorri naiz
you.GEN.SOC come.PTCP 1SG.ABS.be
‘I came with you.’                    (example also in 27 Sociative: -gaz (v -kin))

Variational pattern. In some varieties, the postposition -kin alternates with -kilan which includes an allative-like -la sandwiched between -ki and -n.

(2) Airatu da bertze batekilan
leave.PTCP 3SG.ABS.be someone else.SOC
‘(S)he left with someone else.’

Chapter: Postpositions

Keywords: genitive, postpositions, sociative (comitative)

Notes:

-kilan departs from -kin in that it involves «un mouvement pour se joindre à quelqu’un» whereas -kin expresses «l’union réalisée.» As Lafitte himself points out «beaucoup de Basques ne respectent pas ces nuances.» (Lafitte 1979 [1944]: 60).

 

Epelde (2004) sees no difference between both -kin and -kilan in Larresoro Basque.

References:

Euskaltzaindia (1985, 1999, 2021), Hualde (2003a), Lafitte (1944), Oyharçabal (in progress)

Euskaltzaindia. 1985. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak I. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]

Euskaltzaindia. 1999. Euskal gramatika. Lehen urratsak - V. Mendeko perpausak 1. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]

Euskaltzaindia. 2021. Euskararen gramatika. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.

Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003a. «Case and number inflection of noun phrases». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 171-187.

Lafitte, Pierre. 1944. Grammaire Basque (Navarro-Labourdin Littèraire). Baiona: Librairie Le Livre. [Reprinted in 1979. Donostia: Elkar]

Oyharçabal, Beñat. in progress. Grammaire Basque. Euskaltzaindia.

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BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
NB-ora
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
Yes
Itxaro Borda
Z-urd
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
Yes
Maider Bedaxagar
A-ara
Aramaio
Western Basque
No
Txipi Ormaetxea
N-arb
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
No
Juanjo Olasagarre
N-ari
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
No
Pello Salaburu
B-art
Artea
Western Basque
No
Igor Estankona
G-azp
Azpeitia
Central Basque
No
Patxi Goenaga
G-bei
Beizama
Central Basque
No
Lourdes Otaegi
G-ber
Bergara
Western Basque
No
Alexander Artzelus
G-elg
Elgoibar
Western Basque
No
Ane Odria
G-ert
Errenteria
Central Basque
No
Aritz Irurtzun
N-elk
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
B-ger
Gernika
Western Basque
No
Alaine Barruetabeña
B-get
Getxo
Western Basque
No
Xabier Bilbao
N-goi
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
No
Juan Jose Zubiri
G-her
Hernani
Central Basque
No
Eñaut Agirre
G-iru
Irun
Central Basque
No
Ricardo Etxepare
G-its
Itsasondo
Central Basque
No
Urtzi Etxeberria
L-lar
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
B-lek
Lekeitio
Western Basque
No
Arantzazu Elordieta
B-loi
Loiu
Western Basque
No
Oihana Astobieta
B-mab
Mallabia
Western Basque
No
Koldo Zuazo
N-mez
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
B-mun
Mungia
Western Basque
No
Miren Ibarluzea
N-orb
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
B-otx
Otxandio
Western Basque
No
Xabier Burgete
N-urd
Urdiain
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñigo Urrestarazu
L-zib
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Maitena Duhalde

ABL: ablative

ABS: absolutive

ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context

ALL: allative

ALLO: allocutive

APPL: applicative

BN: bounded

CAUS: causative

COMP: complementizer

DAT: dative

DD: dative displacement

DEST: destinative

ED: Ergative Displacement

ERG: ergative

FAM: familiar

F: feminine

GEN: genitive

IPFV: imperfective

INE: inessive

INS: instrumental

M: masculine

MOD: mood

NMLZ: nominalizer

NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)

NP: noun phrase

PTCP: participle

PST: past

PL: plural

POST: postposition

PROG: progressive

PROS: prospective

PRTV: partitive

REL: relational postposition

RES: resultative

SG: singular

SOC: sociative

TERM: terminative

UNBN : unbounded

The abbreviations in this database follow the Leipzig Glossing Rules.