Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(3) Aizkorarekilan moztu du enborra
Euskaltzaindia. 1985. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak I. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]
Goenaga, Patxi. 2022. Euskal gramatika: egiturak eta osagaiak. Euskaltzaindia.
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G.. 2008. Standard Basque: A progressive grammar. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
Generalized pattern. Instrumentals are generally expressed by the instrumental postposition -z.
| (1) | Aizkoraz | moztu | du | enborra |
| axe.INS | cut.PTCP | 3SG.ABS.have.3SG.ERG | trunk.ABS | |
| ‘(S)he cut the log with an axe.’ | ||||
Variational pattern 1. Some varieties prefer the sociative -kin instead of the instrumental -z to express instrumentals.
| (2) | Aizkorarekin | moztu | du | enborra |
| Axe.GEN.SOC | cut.PTCP | 3SG.ABS.have.3SG.ERG | trunk.ABS | |
| ‘(S)he cut the log with an axe.’ | ||||
Variational pattern 2. Other varieties show also -kilan.
| (3) | Aizkorarekilan | moztu | du | enborra |
| Axe.GEN.SOC | cut.PTCP | 3SG.ABS.have.3SG.ERG | trunk.ABS | |
| ‘(S)he cut the log with an axe.’ | ||||
Chapter: Postpositions
Keywords: instrumental, postposition alternation, postpositions, sociative (comitative)
Notes:
-kilan departs from -kin in that it involves «un mouvement pour se joindre à quelqu’un» whereas -kin expresses «l’union réalisée.» As Lafitte himself points out «beaucoup de Basques ne respectent pas ces nuances.» (Lafitte 1979 [1944]: 60).
Epelde (2004) sees no difference between both -kin and -kilan in Larresoro Basque.
Euskaltzaindia. 1985. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak I. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1991]
Goenaga, Patxi. 2022. Euskal gramatika: egiturak eta osagaiak. Euskaltzaindia.
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G.. 2008. Standard Basque: A progressive grammar. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded