Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(1b) Trenari itxaron diote
Etxepare, Ricardo. 2003. «Valency and argument structure in the Basque Verb». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 363-425.
Fernández, Beatriz and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 2012. «Dative first complements in Basque». In Ernestina Carrilho and Beatriz Fernández (eds.), Syntactic microvariation in Westmost European Languages. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics (Special Issue), 11-1. Lisboa: Ediçoes Colibrí-Universidade de Lisboa. 83-98.
Fernández, Beatriz and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 2010. Datiboa hiztegian. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Mounole, Céline. 2012. «Evolution of the transitive verbs in Basque and apparition of datively marked patients». In Gilles Authier and Katharina Haude (eds.), Ergativity and Voice. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 355-379.
Ortiz de Urbina, Jon and Beatriz Fernández. 2016. «Datives in Basque bivalent unergatives». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Pineda, Anna. 2015. Les fronteres de la (in)transitivitat. Estudi dels aplicatius en llengües romàniques i basc. Ph.D. Diss., UAB.
Generalized pattern. Transitive objects are marked by absolutive case and are cross-referenced by absolutive agreement morphemes on the auxiliary.
Variational pattern. Objects, both animate and inanimate, are marked by dative case and are cross-referenced by dative agreement morphemes on the auxiliary.
| (1a) | (Zuri) | itxaron | dizute |
| you.DAT | wait for.PTCP | (3ABS).have.APPL.2DAT.3PL.ERG | |
| ‘They have waited for you.’ | |||
| (1b) | Trenari | itxaron | diote |
| train.DAT | wait for.PTCP | (3ABS).have.APPL.3SG.DAT.3PL.ERG | |
| ‘They have waited for the train.’ | |||
Chapter: Case and Agreement
Keywords: absolutive/dative alternations, agreement/clitics, bivalent unergatives, case, datives
Etxepare (2003), Mounole (2012), Fernández and Ortiz de Urbina (2010), Fernández and Ortiz de Urbina (2012), Pineda (2015), Ortiz de Urbina and Fernández (2016)
Etxepare, Ricardo. 2003. «Valency and argument structure in the Basque Verb». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 363-425.
Fernández, Beatriz and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 2012. «Dative first complements in Basque». In Ernestina Carrilho and Beatriz Fernández (eds.), Syntactic microvariation in Westmost European Languages. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics (Special Issue), 11-1. Lisboa: Ediçoes Colibrí-Universidade de Lisboa. 83-98.
Fernández, Beatriz and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 2010. Datiboa hiztegian. Bilbo: UPV/EHU.
Mounole, Céline. 2012. «Evolution of the transitive verbs in Basque and apparition of datively marked patients». In Gilles Authier and Katharina Haude (eds.), Ergativity and Voice. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 355-379.
Ortiz de Urbina, Jon and Beatriz Fernández. 2016. «Datives in Basque bivalent unergatives». In Beatriz Fernández and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Microparameters in the grammar of Basque. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Pineda, Anna. 2015. Les fronteres de la (in)transitivitat. Estudi dels aplicatius en llengües romàniques i basc. Ph.D. Diss., UAB.
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded