Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(3b) (Nik) seme bat eduki dut
(3c) (Nik) seme bat ukan/ukanen dut
Albizu, Pablo. 2002. «Basque inflectional morphology: Redefining [Cases]». In Xabier Artiagoitia, Patxi Goenaga and Joseba A. Lakarra (eds.), Erramu Boneta: Festcrift for Rudolf P.G. de Rijk. [Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Lingustics and Philology (ASJU) XLIV]. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 1-20.
Arregi, Karlos. 2004. «The Have / Be alternation in Basque». manuscript, Univ of Chicago.
Euskaltzaindia. 1987. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak II. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1997]
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003b. «Non-finite Forms». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 196-246.
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G.. 2008. Standard Basque: A progressive grammar. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
Generalized pattern. *edun ‘have’ is not only an auxiliary but also a main verb expressing possession.
| (1) | Nik | seme | bat | dut |
| I.ERG | son | one.ABS | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have a son.’ | ||||
Crucially, in structures where the presence of the main verb is required, as for the perfective participle (2a), future participle (2b) or any other non-finite form such as the nominalized verbal noun in (2c), there is no such a form as *edun ‘have’ but izan ‘be’.
| (2a) | Nik | seme bat | izan | dut |
| I.ERG | son one.ABS | be.PTCP | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have a son.’ | ||||
| (2b) | Nik | seme bat | izango | dut |
| I.ERG | son one.ABS | be.PROS | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have a son.’ | ||||
| (2c) | Seme bat | izatea | esperientzia | zoragarria | da |
| son one.ABS | be.NMLZ | experience | wonderful | (3ABS).be | |
| ‘To have a son is a wonderful experience.’ | |||||
Variational pattern 1. In some varieties, the lexical verb eduki ‘possessive have’ is the alternative to izan ‘be’/*edun ‘have’ for expressing possession.
| (3a) | (Nik) | seme bat | daukat |
| I.ERG | son one.ABS | 3ABS.EDUKI.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have a son.’ | |||
| (3b) | (Nik) | seme bat | eduki | dut |
| I.ERG | son one.ABS | EDUKI.PTCP | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have had a son.’ | ||||
Variational pattern 2. Alternatively, in north-eastern varieties, ukan ‘possessive have’ is also attested in its participial form.
| (3c) | (Nik) | seme bat | ukan/ukanen | dut |
| I.ERG | son one.ABS | UKAN.PTCP/UKAN.PROS | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I have had/will have a son.’ | ||||
Chapter: (In)Transitivity
Keywords: (in)transitivity, auxiliary alternation, possessive have
For eduki, Albizu (2002), Arregi (2004), de Rijk (2008: 307), Hualde (2003b: 221), For ukan, Euskaltzaindia (1987: 122-3), Hualde (2003)
Albizu, Pablo. 2002. «Basque inflectional morphology: Redefining [Cases]». In Xabier Artiagoitia, Patxi Goenaga and Joseba A. Lakarra (eds.), Erramu Boneta: Festcrift for Rudolf P.G. de Rijk. [Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Lingustics and Philology (ASJU) XLIV]. Bilbo: UPV/EHU. 1-20.
Arregi, Karlos. 2004. «The Have / Be alternation in Basque». manuscript, Univ of Chicago.
Euskaltzaindia. 1987. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak II. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1997]
Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003b. «Non-finite Forms». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A Grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 196-246.
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G.. 2008. Standard Basque: A progressive grammar. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded