Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
Demirdache, Hamida and Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria. 2000. «The Primitives of Temporal Relations». In R. Martin, D. Michaels and J.Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step. Essays on Minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press. 157-186.
Holmer, Anders. 1999. «An active analysis of Basque ergativity». Fontes Linguae Vasconum 81: 189-225.
Hualde, José Ignacio and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 1987. «Restructuring with ARI». ASJU International Journal of Basque Philology, XXI-2, 425-452.
Laka, Itziar. 2004. «Ari progresiboaz: euskararen kasu markak». In Pablo Albizu and Beatriz Fernández (eds.), Euskal Gramatika XXI. mendearen atarian: arazo zaharrak, azterbide berriak. Bilbao: UPV/EHU. 113-132.
Laka, Itziar. 2006. «Deriving Split Ergativity in the Progressive: the Case of Basque». In Alana Johns, Diane Massam and Juvénal Ndayiragije (eds.), Ergativity: Emerging Issues. Dordrecht/Berlin: Springer. 173-195.
Generalized pattern. The progressive ari izan occurs with an absolutive subject and izan ‘be’ auxiliary, even if the complement predicate is (di)transitive.
| (1) | (Ni) | ogia | jaten | ari | naiz |
| I.ABS | bread.ABS | eat.IPFV | PROG | 1SG.ABS.be | |
| ‘I am eating bread.’ | |||||
Variational pattern. In some varieties, ari izan can appear with an ergative subject and *edun ‘have’ auxiliary when the complement predicate is transitive.
| (2) | (Nik) | ogia | jaten | ari | dut |
| I.ERG | bread.ABS | eat.IPFV | PROG | (3ABS).have.1SG.ERG | |
| ‘I am eating bread.’ | |||||
Reported in: north-eastern varieties.
Chapter: (In)Transitivity
Keywords: (in)transitivity, auxiliary alternation, ergativity, progressive aspect, root alternation
Demirdache and Uribe-Etxebarria (2000), Holmer (1999), Hualde and Ortiz de Urbina (1987), Laka (2004, 2006)
Demirdache, Hamida and Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria. 2000. «The Primitives of Temporal Relations». In R. Martin, D. Michaels and J.Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step. Essays on Minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press. 157-186.
Holmer, Anders. 1999. «An active analysis of Basque ergativity». Fontes Linguae Vasconum 81: 189-225.
Hualde, José Ignacio and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 1987. «Restructuring with ARI». ASJU International Journal of Basque Philology, XXI-2, 425-452.
Laka, Itziar. 2004. «Ari progresiboaz: euskararen kasu markak». In Pablo Albizu and Beatriz Fernández (eds.), Euskal Gramatika XXI. mendearen atarian: arazo zaharrak, azterbide berriak. Bilbao: UPV/EHU. 113-132.
Laka, Itziar. 2006. «Deriving Split Ergativity in the Progressive: the Case of Basque». In Alana Johns, Diane Massam and Juvénal Ndayiragije (eds.), Ergativity: Emerging Issues. Dordrecht/Berlin: Springer. 173-195.
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded