58. Progressive periphrases: ibili, egon jardun, erauntsi (v ari izan)
Yellow: variational pattern attested
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(2a) Karate ikasten dago
(2b) Karate ikasten dabil
(3) Karate ikasten dihardu
(4a) Labuantzan iduntsi dit eretretala artino
(4b) iduntsi diat bazter xahatzen
Demirdache, Hamida and Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria. 2000. «The Primitives of Temporal Relations». In R. Martin, D. Michaels and J.Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step. Essays on Minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press. 157-186.
Holmer, Anders. 1999. «An active analysis of Basque ergativity». Fontes Linguae Vasconum 81: 189-225.
Hualde, José Ignacio and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 1987. «Restructuring with ARI». ASJU International Journal of Basque Philology, XXI-2, 425-452.
Laka, Itziar. 2004. «Ari progresiboaz: euskararen kasu markak». In Pablo Albizu and Beatriz Fernández (eds.), Euskal Gramatika XXI. mendearen atarian: arazo zaharrak, azterbide berriak. Bilbao: UPV/EHU. 113-132.
Laka, Itziar. 2006. «Deriving Split Ergativity in the Progressive: the Case of Basque». In Alana Johns, Diane Massam and Juvénal Ndayiragije (eds.), Ergativity: Emerging Issues. Dordrecht/Berlin: Springer. 173-195.
Ortiz de Urbina, Jon. 2003a. «Periphrastic constructions». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin / New York: Mouton De Gruyter. 284-299.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2008. Euskalkiak, euskararen dialektoak. Donostia: Elkar.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
Generalized pattern. In central and eastern varieties, ari izan is used in the progressive.
| (1) | Karate | ikasten | ari | da |
| karate.ABS | learn.IPFV | PROG | (3ABS).be |
| ‘(S)he is learning karate.’ |
Variational pattern 1. In some dialects, ari izan is not used and egon ‘(stage level) be’ and ibili ‘walk, be engaged in’ are used instead:
| (2a) | Karate | ikasten | dago |
| karate.ABS | learn.IPFV | (3ABS).be |
| ‘(S)he is learning karate.’ |
| (2b) | Karate | ikasten | dabil |
| karate.ABS | learn.IPFV | (3ABS).be.engaged |
| ‘(S)he is learning karate.’ (Zuazo 2008:77) |
Reported in: western varieties (Zuazo 2008: 77, 2013: 49), Hualde (2016).
Variational pattern 2. In some varieties, jardun ‘be engaged in’ is also attested:
| (3) | Karate | ikasten | dihardu |
| karate.ABS | learn.IPFV | 3SG.ABS.be.engaged |
| ‘(S)he is learning karate.’ (Zuazo 2008: 77) |
Reported in: the northern parts of the Deba valley.
Variational pattern 3. In some varieties, erauntsi (>iduntsi) is used together with ari izan.
| (4a) | Labuantzan iduntsi dit eretretala artino |
| ‘Nekazaritzan aritu naiz jubilazioa arte.’ |
| ‘I was working on the land until I retired’ |
| (4b) | Iduntsi diat bazter xahatzen |
| ‘Aritu nauk bazter garbitzen.’ |
| ‘I have been cleaning up’ (Zuazo 2013: 31, see also 2008: 54) |
Reported in: Zuberoan (Zuazo 2008: 54; 2013: 31).
Chapter: (In)Transitivity
Keywords: (in)transitivity, auxiliary alternation, ergativity, progressive aspect
References:
Demirdache, Hamida and Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria. 2000. «The Primitives of Temporal Relations». In R. Martin, D. Michaels and J.Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step. Essays on Minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik. Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press. 157-186.
Holmer, Anders. 1999. «An active analysis of Basque ergativity». Fontes Linguae Vasconum 81: 189-225.
Hualde, José Ignacio and Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 1987. «Restructuring with ARI». ASJU International Journal of Basque Philology, XXI-2, 425-452.
Laka, Itziar. 2004. «Ari progresiboaz: euskararen kasu markak». In Pablo Albizu and Beatriz Fernández (eds.), Euskal Gramatika XXI. mendearen atarian: arazo zaharrak, azterbide berriak. Bilbao: UPV/EHU. 113-132.
Laka, Itziar. 2006. «Deriving Split Ergativity in the Progressive: the Case of Basque». In Alana Johns, Diane Massam and Juvénal Ndayiragije (eds.), Ergativity: Emerging Issues. Dordrecht/Berlin: Springer. 173-195.
Ortiz de Urbina, Jon. 2003a. «Periphrastic constructions». In José Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque. Berlin / New York: Mouton De Gruyter. 284-299.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2008. Euskalkiak, euskararen dialektoak. Donostia: Elkar.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
Aramaio
Western Basque
Yes
Txipi Ormaetxea
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
Yes
Pello Salaburu
Artea
Western Basque
Yes
Igor Estankona
Azpeitia
Central Basque
Yes
Patxi Goenaga
Bergara
Western Basque
Yes
Alexander Artzelus
Elgoibar
Western Basque
Yes
Ane Odria
Errenteria
Central Basque
Yes
Aritz Irurtzun
Gernika
Western Basque
Yes
Alaine Barruetabeña
Getxo
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Bilbao
Hernani
Central Basque
Yes
Eñaut Agirre
Itsasondo
Central Basque
Yes
Urtzi Etxeberria
Lekeitio
Western Basque
Yes
Arantzazu Elordieta
Loiu
Western Basque
Yes
Oihana Astobieta
Mallabia
Western Basque
Yes
Koldo Zuazo
Mungia
Western Basque
Yes
Miren Ibarluzea
Otxandio
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Burgete
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
No
Juanjo Olasagarre
Beizama
Central Basque
No
Lourdes Otaegi
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
No
Juan Jose Zubiri
Irun
Central Basque
No
Ricardo Etxepare
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Itxaro Borda
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
No
Maider Bedaxagar
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Maitena Duhalde
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
Aramaio
Western Basque
Yes
Txipi Ormaetxea
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
Yes
Juanjo Olasagarre
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
Yes
Pello Salaburu
Artea
Western Basque
Yes
Igor Estankona
Beizama
Central Basque
Yes
Lourdes Otaegi
Bergara
Western Basque
Yes
Alexander Artzelus
Elgoibar
Western Basque
Yes
Ane Odria
Errenteria
Central Basque
Yes
Aritz Irurtzun
Gernika
Western Basque
Yes
Alaine Barruetabeña
Getxo
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Bilbao
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
Yes
Juan Jose Zubiri
Irun
Central Basque
Yes
Ricardo Etxepare
Lekeitio
Western Basque
Yes
Arantzazu Elordieta
Loiu
Western Basque
Yes
Oihana Astobieta
Mallabia
Western Basque
Yes
Koldo Zuazo
Mungia
Western Basque
Yes
Miren Ibarluzea
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
Yes
Itxaro Borda
Otxandio
Western Basque
Yes
Xabier Burgete
Urdiain
Navarrese Basque
Yes
Iñigo Urrestarazu
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
Yes
Maitena Duhalde
Azpeitia
Central Basque
No
Patxi Goenaga
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
Hernani
Central Basque
No
Eñaut Agirre
Itsasondo
Central Basque
No
Urtzi Etxeberria
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
No
Maider Bedaxagar
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
Aramaio
Western Basque
Yes
Txipi Ormaetxea
Azpeitia
Central Basque
Yes
Patxi Goenaga
Beizama
Central Basque
Yes
Lourdes Otaegi
Bergara
Western Basque
Yes
Alexander Artzelus
Elgoibar
Western Basque
Yes
Ane Odria
Errenteria
Central Basque
Yes
Aritz Irurtzun
Mallabia
Western Basque
Yes
Koldo Zuazo
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
No
Juanjo Olasagarre
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
No
Pello Salaburu
Artea
Western Basque
No
Igor Estankona
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
Gernika
Western Basque
No
Alaine Barruetabeña
Getxo
Western Basque
No
Xabier Bilbao
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
No
Juan Jose Zubiri
Hernani
Central Basque
No
Eñaut Agirre
Irun
Central Basque
No
Ricardo Etxepare
Itsasondo
Central Basque
No
Urtzi Etxeberria
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
Lekeitio
Western Basque
No
Arantzazu Elordieta
Loiu
Western Basque
No
Oihana Astobieta
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
Mungia
Western Basque
No
Miren Ibarluzea
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Itxaro Borda
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
Otxandio
Western Basque
No
Xabier Burgete
Urdiain
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñigo Urrestarazu
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
No
Maider Bedaxagar
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Maitena Duhalde
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
Yes
Itxaro Borda
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
Yes
Maider Bedaxagar
Aramaio
Western Basque
No
Txipi Ormaetxea
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
No
Juanjo Olasagarre
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
No
Pello Salaburu
Artea
Western Basque
No
Igor Estankona
Azpeitia
Central Basque
No
Patxi Goenaga
Beizama
Central Basque
No
Lourdes Otaegi
Bergara
Western Basque
No
Alexander Artzelus
Elgoibar
Western Basque
No
Ane Odria
Errenteria
Central Basque
No
Aritz Irurtzun
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
Gernika
Western Basque
No
Alaine Barruetabeña
Getxo
Western Basque
No
Xabier Bilbao
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
No
Juan Jose Zubiri
Hernani
Central Basque
No
Eñaut Agirre
Irun
Central Basque
No
Ricardo Etxepare
Itsasondo
Central Basque
No
Urtzi Etxeberria
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
Lekeitio
Western Basque
No
Arantzazu Elordieta
Loiu
Western Basque
No
Oihana Astobieta
Mallabia
Western Basque
No
Koldo Zuazo
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
Mungia
Western Basque
No
Miren Ibarluzea
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
Urdiain
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñigo Urrestarazu
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Maitena Duhalde
BiV code
Town
Dialect
Value
Contributor
Oragarre
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
Yes
Itxaro Borda
Urdiñarbe
Zuberoan Basque
Yes
Maider Bedaxagar
Aramaio
Western Basque
No
Txipi Ormaetxea
Arbizu
Navarrese Basque
No
Juanjo Olasagarre
Arizkun (Baztan)
Navarrese Basque
No
Pello Salaburu
Artea
Western Basque
No
Igor Estankona
Azpeitia
Central Basque
No
Patxi Goenaga
Beizama
Central Basque
No
Lourdes Otaegi
Bergara
Western Basque
No
Alexander Artzelus
Elgoibar
Western Basque
No
Ane Odria
Errenteria
Central Basque
No
Aritz Irurtzun
Etxaleku (Imotz)
Central Basque
No
Imotz
Gernika
Western Basque
No
Alaine Barruetabeña
Getxo
Western Basque
No
Xabier Bilbao
Goizueta
Navarrese Basque
No
Juan Jose Zubiri
Hernani
Central Basque
No
Eñaut Agirre
Irun
Central Basque
No
Ricardo Etxepare
Itsasondo
Central Basque
No
Urtzi Etxeberria
Larresoro
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Céline Mounole
Lekeitio
Western Basque
No
Arantzazu Elordieta
Loiu
Western Basque
No
Oihana Astobieta
Mallabia
Western Basque
No
Koldo Zuazo
Mezkiritz (Erroibar)
Navarrese Basque
No
Orreaga Ibarra
Mungia
Western Basque
No
Miren Ibarluzea
Orbaizeta
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñaki Camino
Urdiain
Navarrese Basque
No
Iñigo Urrestarazu
Ziburu
Navarrese-Lapurdian Basque
No
Maitena Duhalde
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded
The abbreviations in this database follow the Leipzig Glossing Rules.
