Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(3) Konfliktoa ezinbestekoa duk, tramak aurrera egingo badik
(4) Eguraldi ona egingo di(n)ala pentsatzen dinat
Alberdi, Xabier. 1996. Euskararen tratamenduak: erabilera. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Euskaltzaindia. 1987. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak II. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1997]
Haddican, Bill. 2018. «The syntax of Basque allocutive clitics». Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 3(1), 101.
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G.. 2008. Standard Basque: A progressive grammar. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
Generalized pattern. Allocutive forms only appear in main declarative clauses and not it embedded clauses.
| (1) | Eguraldi | ona | egingo | duela | pentsatzen | dinat/diat |
| weather | good | make.PROS | (3ABS).have.ELA | think.IPFV | (3ABS).have.APPL.ALLO.F.1SG.ERG/ (3ABS).have.APPL.ALLO.M.1SG.ERG | |
| 'I think there will be good weather.' | ||||||
Variational pattern 1. In some varieties, allocutive forms can occur in interrogative clauses too.
| (2) | Zenbat | joan | ditun/k | elkar | ikusi | gabe? | (Gure Jerusalem galdua, Aingeru Epaltza) |
| how many | go | (3ABS).have.APPL. ALLO.F/M | each other | see | without | ||
| 'How many passed away without seein each other?' | |||||||
Variational pattern 2. In some varieties, allocutive forms can occur beyond main clauses.
(3) Konfliktoa ezinbestekoa duk, tramak aurrera egingo badik. ((Euskal) literaturaren alde (eta kontra), Iban Zaldua) conflict essential (3ABS).have.ALLO.M, plot.ERG forward make.pros ba.(3ABS).have.APPL.ALLO.M 'The conflict is essential if the plot moves forward.'
Reported in: western varieties(4) Eguraldi ona egingo di(n)ala pentsatzen di(n)at. weather good make.pros (3ABS).have.APPL.ALLO.F.ELA think.IPFV (3ABS).have.APPL.ALLO.F.1SG.ERG 'I think that the weather will be good.'
Chapter: Case and Agreement
Keywords: allocutives, embedding
Alberdi, Xabier. 1996. Euskararen tratamenduak: erabilera. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Euskaltzaindia. 1987. Euskal Gramatika: Lehen Urratsak II. Iruñea: Institución Príncipe de Viana eta Euskaltzaindia. [Reprinted in Euskaltzaindia. 1997]
Haddican, Bill. 2018. «The syntax of Basque allocutive clitics». Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 3(1), 101.
de Rijk, Rudolf P.G.. 2008. Standard Basque: A progressive grammar. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded