Features
Blue: variational pattern non-attested
(3b) Jon etorri duk/n
(4b) Natxiok/n
(5) Aita joan duzu
(6) Aita joan duxu
(7) Aita ikusi duxu
Agirre, Eñaut. 2016. «Txe morfema, erdialdeko hizkeretako alokutiboetan (Errezilko kasua)». handout, Euskal Dialektologia Mintegia, UPV/EHU.
Aizpurua, Ainhoa. 2016. «Aditz jokatuetako -a/-e bokalen aurkakotasunaz bi hitz». handout, Euskal Dialektologia Mintegia, UPV/EHU.
Alberdi, Xabier. 1995. «The development of the Basque System of terms of address and the allocutive conjugation». In Jose Ignacio Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra and Robert L.Trask (eds.), Towards a history of the Basque language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 275-295.
Alberdi, Xabier. 1996. Euskararen tratamenduak: erabilera. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Haddican, Bill. 2015. «A note on Basque vocative clitics». In Beatriz Fernández and Pello Salaburu (eds.), Ibon Sarasola Gorazarre. Homenatge, Homenaje. UPV/EHU. 303-317.
Haddican, Bill. 2018. «The syntax of Basque allocutive clitics». Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 3(1), 101.
Oyharçabal, Beñat. 1993. «Verb Agreement with Non Arguments: On Allocutive Agreement». In Jose Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Generative Studies in Basque Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 89-114.
Rebuschi, Georgés. 1984. Structure de l’énoncé en basque. Paris: SELAF.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
Generalized pattern. The verbal inflectional complex includes ergative, absolutive and dative agreement, corresponding to the arguments of the predicate.
| (1) | Zuk | niri | liburua | ekarri | didazu |
| 2NONFAM.ERG | I.DAT | book.ABS | bring.PTCP | (3ABS).have.APPL.1SG.DAT.2NON-FAM.ERG | |
| 'You brought me the book.' | |||||
| (2) | Aita | joan | da |
| father | go | (3ABS).be | |
| 'My father has left.' | |||
Variational pattern 1. In some varieties, however, the verbal inflectional complex can also involve allocutive agreement, which makes reference to the addressee of the speech situation (3b). This agreement is homophonous with the familiar 2nd person ergative (and dative) agreement morpheme (3a). These allocutive forms are used in informal and familiar situations, and can only refer to a single addressee, which is morphologically differentiated in terms of gender.
| (3a) | Hik | liburua | ekarri | duk/n |
| 2FAM.ERG | book.ABS | bring.PTCP | (3ABS).have.2FAM.ERG.M/F | |
| 'You brought the book.' | ||||
| (3b) | Jon | etorri | duk/n |
| Jon.ABS | come.PTCP | (3ABS).have.ALLO.M/F | |
| 'Jon has come.' | |||
Reported in: Beterri and Urolaldea (Zuazo 2013: 47). See Agirre (2016) for Errezil Basque (Urolaldea).(4a) Nago 1SG.ABS.be ingelesez (4b) Natxiok/n 1SG.ABS.be.ALLO.M/F (Zumaia Basque, Zuazo 2013: 99) ingelesez
Variational pattern 2. In some varieties, the allocutive agreement can be respectful, instead of informal or familiar. In that case, the allocutive morpheme is -zu which is homophonous with the unfamiliar or respectful 2nd person ergative (and dative) agreement morpheme. As it happens with the respectful 2nd person, there is no gender distinction.
| (5) | Aita | joan | duzu |
| father | go.PTCP | (3ABS).have.2ALLO | |
| 'My father has left.' | |||
Variational pattern 3. In some varieties the verb takes the morpheme xu instead. The morpheme xu is a palatalised form of the regular zu morpheme and, like zu, it can be used both for non-allocutve (ergative or dative) or allocutive agreement.
| (6) | Aita | joan | duxu |
| father | go.PTCP | (3ABS).have.2ALLO | |
| 'My father has left.' | |||
(7) Aita ikusi duxu aita see.PTCP (3ABS).have.2ALLO 'You have seen your father.'
Chapter: Case and Agreement
Keywords: addressee, allocutives, auxiliary alternation, familiar and non-familiar, femenine, masculine, second person, treatment, vocatives
Alberdi (1995, 1996), Agirre (2016), Aizpurua (2016), Haddican (2015, 2018), Oyharçabal (1993), Rebuschi (1984), Zuazo (2013)
Agirre, Eñaut. 2016. «Txe morfema, erdialdeko hizkeretako alokutiboetan (Errezilko kasua)». handout, Euskal Dialektologia Mintegia, UPV/EHU.
Aizpurua, Ainhoa. 2016. «Aditz jokatuetako -a/-e bokalen aurkakotasunaz bi hitz». handout, Euskal Dialektologia Mintegia, UPV/EHU.
Alberdi, Xabier. 1995. «The development of the Basque System of terms of address and the allocutive conjugation». In Jose Ignacio Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra and Robert L.Trask (eds.), Towards a history of the Basque language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 275-295.
Alberdi, Xabier. 1996. Euskararen tratamenduak: erabilera. Bilbo: Euskaltzaindia.
Haddican, Bill. 2015. «A note on Basque vocative clitics». In Beatriz Fernández and Pello Salaburu (eds.), Ibon Sarasola Gorazarre. Homenatge, Homenaje. UPV/EHU. 303-317.
Haddican, Bill. 2018. «The syntax of Basque allocutive clitics». Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 3(1), 101.
Oyharçabal, Beñat. 1993. «Verb Agreement with Non Arguments: On Allocutive Agreement». In Jose Ignacio Hualde and Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), Generative Studies in Basque Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 89-114.
Rebuschi, Georgés. 1984. Structure de l’énoncé en basque. Paris: SELAF.
Zuazo, Koldo. 2013. The dialects of Basque. Reno: University of Nevada.
ABL: ablative
ABS: absolutive
ABSERG: absolutive in Ergative Displacement context
ALL: allative
ALLO: allocutive
APPL: applicative
BN: bounded
CAUS: causative
COMP: complementizer
DAT: dative
DD: dative displacement
DEST: destinative
ED: Ergative Displacement
ERG: ergative
FAM: familiar
F: feminine
GEN: genitive
IPFV: imperfective
INE: inessive
INS: instrumental
M: masculine
MOD: mood
NMLZ: nominalizer
NONFAM: non-familiar (2nd person)
NP: noun phrase
PTCP: participle
PST: past
PL: plural
POST: postposition
PROG: progressive
PROS: prospective
PRTV: partitive
REL: relational postposition
RES: resultative
SG: singular
SOC: sociative
TERM: terminative
UNBN : unbounded