Basque in Variation | Euskara Bariazioan

i.23. Allocutive and addressing forms

Author: Cecilia Fernández

Egile beraren beste kapituluak:

i.1. Allocutive and addressing forms

i.2. Allocutives beyond declarative clauses: di(n)ala (v duela)

iv.1. Sociative: -gaz (v -kin)

iv.2. Sociative: -kilan (v -kin)

iv.3. Sociative/instrumental alternation: -kin, -kilan (v -z)

viii.1. Auxiliaries *edin/*ezan in hypothetical conditionals’ apodosis (v izan/*edun)

viii.2. Morpheme -ke- expressing uncertain future: dukezu

viii.3. Potential by means of modal particle ahal: apurtzen ahal da (v apur daiteke)

viii.4. Real conditional forms in the protasis to express unreal past condition: egin (izan) bazuen (v egin (izan) balu)

Cite this page as: Fernández, Cecilia. (2022). Allocutive and addressing forms. In Bilbao, Kristina, Ane Odria, Ane Berro, Josu Landa & Beatriz Fernndez (eds.), Euskara Bariazioan / Basque in Variation (BiV) (3. edit.). UPV/EHU Editorial Service. [Available online: https://basqueandbeyond.ehu.eus/biv/?o=chapters&id=1&e=70]. ISBN: 978-84-1319-456-1.

Contents

Keywords

References

i. Case and Agreement

i.1. Number agreement: -z elsewhere

i.2. Number agreement: -(t)z- in dative structures (v -zki-)

i.3. 2^nd person ergative number agreement: -e (v -te)

i.4. 3^rd person plural ergative number agreement: -e (v -te)

i.5. Number agreement: -it in ditransitive constructions (v -zki)

i.6. Number agreement in allocutives: -zki (v -it)

i.7. Number agreement drop: sagarrak jan du (v ditu)

i.8. Dative agreement drop: gizonari liburua eman du (v dio)

i.9. Differential object marking: ikusi nizun (v ikusi zintudan)

i.10. Dative (first) objects in transitive verbs: itxarongo dizut, diot (v itxarongo zaitut, dut)

i.11. Dative Displacement: eman nauzu (v eman didazu)

i.12. Dative marking of the unaccusative causee: etorrarazi dizute (v etorrarazi zaituzte)

i.13. Me-lui constraint (etorri natzaizu)

i.14. Past intransitive structures with dative: jatan (v zitzaidan)

i.15. Past finite verbal forms involving 3^rd person absolutive arguments: Ø (v z)

i.16. Neutralization of ergative displacement: emon dostezun (v zeunstan, zenidan)

i.17. Absolutive marked subjects in some unergative verbs: borrokatu naiz (v dut )

i.18. Eduki ‘possesive have’ and jakin ‘know’ synthetic forms including dative clitics: dekotzu, dakitzu

i.19. Ergative/absolutive syncretism in the plural: -ak (v -ek)

i.20. Dative plural marker: -er, -eri (v -ei)

i.21. Genitive marking of the transitive object with nominalized verbs: ogiaren erostera (v ogia erostera)

i.22. Partitive marker to make emphasis in existential clauses: badugu sagar onik (v baditugu sagar onak)

i.23. Allocutive and addressing forms

i.24. Allocutives beyond declarative clauses: di(n)ala (v duela)

Keywords

addressee, allocutives, auxiliary alternation, familiar and non-familiar, femenine, masculine, second person, treatment, vocatives

References

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Aizpurua, Ainhoa. 2016. «Aditz jokatuetako -a/-e bokalen aurkakotasunaz bi hitz». handout, Euskal Dialektologia Mintegia, UPV/EHU.

Alberdi, Xabier. 1995. «The development of the Basque System of terms of address and the allocutive conjugation». In Jose Ignacio Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra and Robert L.Trask (eds.), Towards a history of the Basque language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 275-295.

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